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Rose turret
The Rose turret (sometimes known as the Rose-Rice turret) was a gun turret armed with two M2 Browning heavy machine guns which was fitted to some British Avro Lancaster heavy bombers in 1944 and 1945. Development of the turret began in 1943 as part of a program to improve the Lancaster's defensive armament, but it did not enter production until late 1944. The Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered 600 Rose turrets in June 1944, and 400 were completed by the end of the Second World War in Europe. The turret was generally regarded as an improvement over previous designs, although its guns had a high rate of stoppages during combat.
==Development==
When introduced to service, all of the Avro Lancaster's three gun turrets were fitted with .303 Browning medium machine guns. The front and mid-upper turret were each fitted with two .303 guns, and the rear turret had four. A small number of early Lancasters were also equipped with a ventral turret on the bottom of the fuselage fitted with two .303s, but this turret was phased out from 1942.〔McKinstry (2009), pp. 130–131〕 The .303 guns were soon regarded as being inadequate, however, and in 1942 the Air Staff identified a requirement to fit the Lancasters with a turret armed with more powerful .50 calibre heavy machine guns "as soon as possible"; this view was supported by Air Marshal Arthur Harris, the commanding officer of Bomber Command.〔McKinstry (2009), p. 429〕 A conference was held at the Air Ministry on 11 January 1943 to discuss the optimal armament for the Lancaster. The consensus view of the participants was that the aircraft should be fitted with two 20 mm cannon in its mid-upper turret, two .303 guns in the forward turret and two .50 calibre guns in the rear turret. At the conclusion of the conference, Air Vice Marshal Ralph Sorley, who was responsible for the RAF's technical requirements, stated that "every effort should be made to introduce the mid-upper and redesigned tail turrets in a year's time" and that the Lancaster's armament would be obsolete if this deadline was not met.〔McKinstry (2009), pp. 429–430〕
Despite Sorley's views, development of an upgraded rear turret for the Lancaster proceeded slowly. Harris became frustrated with the slow progress of the project, and did not believe that the Air Ministry would be able to produce the turret in time. As a result, he decided to go outside the official channels and personally asked the small Gainsborough firm of Rose Brothers to develop a turret for the Lancaster; this company had previously developed an improved gun mounting for the Handley Page Hampden bomber in 1940 upon a request from Harris.〔McKinstry (2009), pp. 430–431〕 The Ministry of Aircraft Production subsequently offered to provide draughtsmen to help Rose Brothers develop the turret, but the head of the company turned down this offer and relied upon Air Vice Marshal Edward Rice for technical advice. Rice was one of the senior Bomber Command station commanders, and had travelled with Harris to visit Rose Brothers at the start of the project. He subsequently led No. 1 Group RAF.〔McKinstry (2009), p. 431〕 Harris obtained Sorley's agreement to support the development of what was by then known as the Rose turret in June 1943. However, the firm Nash & Thomson, which produced the Lancaster's .303 turrets, was also commissioned to develop a .50 calibre armed turret as the Air Ministry and Ministry of Aircraft production did not want to rely upon Rose Brothers alone. Nash & Thompson's design was known as the FN82.〔McKinstry (2009), pp. 431–432〕
Development of the two new turret designs continued throughout 1943, but neither was ready by early 1944. The Rose turret shook severely during its early firing trials; this was eventually attributed to poor workmanship of the turret's base ring. In June 1944, the RAF placed an order for 600 Rose turrets after the problems with the design had been resolved. The turrets were built by hand at Rose Brothers' factory at Gainsborough, and were eventually produced at the rate of one per day; this rate was considered to be slow by the Air Staff. Production of the Rose turret ceased at the end of the war – by this time 400 had been completed.〔McKinstry (2009), pp. 433–436〕 The FN82 took even longer to develop, and the first production model was completed in January 1945.〔McKinstry (2009), p. 434〕 None of Bomber Command's Lancasters had been fitted with an FN82 by the end of the war.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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